While cynomolgus macaques have historically contributed to some preclinical studies, the assertion that they are essential for advancing diabetes treatments is no longer tenable. Human-relevant New Approach Methodologies — including iPSC-derived islet organoids, organ-on-chip microphysiological systems, encapsulated stem-cell β-cell therapies now in human trials, and advanced in-silico PK/PD models — provide more predictive, ethically preferable, and regulatorily-accepted ro